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Stupidity is probably the preferable option. You at least wouldn’t expect the errors to tend in a particular direction.
I think medical science had one of the higher fraud rates. The most glaring strategy that I recall was authors basically just taking a previously published study and swapping the disease of interest in the text.
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Lots of crappy science, including in the physical sciences.
I would not go as far as call it fraud. Fraud would imply intent.
Stupidity yes; malice, mostly, no. Most people don't know how to perform a proper statistical analysis. They don't know they don't know.